Yield of Soya Paste (Okara) Influenced by Some Mechanical Parameters of an Automated Grain Drinks Production Machine
Abstract
The effect of mechanical parameters of an automated grain drinks processing machine on yield of paste (okara) was investigated in this study. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to develop polynomial regression model and investigate the effect of blending blade, basket orientation and speed of rotation on yield of paste in the process of extracting soymilk from soybean. A three factors-five levels central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used in the study. The result of the experiment revealed that blade type and speed of rotation have significant (p≤0.05) effect on yield of the paste while basket orientation has insignificant (p≤0.05) effect. It was observed that the experimental data fitted better with coefficient of determination R value of 0.9828, coefficient of correlation R-Squared value of 0.9658. The Predicted R-Squared of 0.940884 was in reasonable agreement with the Adjusted R-Squared of 0.935095. The value of adequate Precision of 19.38 also showed that the model equation can be used to navigate within the experimental range. Numerical optimization carried out with the goal of maximizing the yield of paste revealed optimum values of 5-blade assembly, basket orientation of 30° and speed of 1000rpm for consistency of 7.88 with a desirability of 0.928. The blade type and the speed of rotation were the most influential variables affecting the yield of paste. The result of this study provided standard input machine variables capable of yielding paste (okara) at various operating condition to meet the consumer’s desire.Keywords:Blade type; Basket orientation; Mechanical; Speed; Optimization; Paste
Introduction
Soya bean paste (okara) is the by-product obtained after extraction of aqueous milk from soya bean. Large quantities of the paste are generated as by-product obtain the process of extracting the aqueous liquid from soya beans and in the production process of tofu. Several research works have reported on quantity of okara to be generated from soya beans. According to Liu [1], 1.1 pounds of okara can be generated from 1 pound of soya beans, while Riaz [2], stated that 1 kilogram of soybeans used for soymilk processing can generates between 1.4-1.8kg of okara. According to Africa Do Business Limited (2012), 1.2kg of fresh okara is produced from 1 kg of soya beans processed for manufacturing of tofu [3].Okara was reported to have wide range of benefits, which includes excellent and abundant nutrient for livestock production, pet food and food product. Its high level of extenders and abundant nutrient makes it useful in variety of food products. It is used as food ingredient more especially in soup, salad and vegetables dishes and it has almost the same form and texture as coconut. The major constituents of okara are carbohydrate, protein, lipid and fiber. The nutrient content of okara depends mainly on soymilk processing procedure and the efficiency with which soymilk is extracted from the wet pulp. Also, the quantity of okara produced depends on the efficiency of the milling and extraction method Aguado [4]. This paper is a presentation of investigation of the interrelationship of the functional parameters of an automated grains drink production machine with yield of paste(okara). The machine was developed in the Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering department of the Federal Univesity of Technology, Minna.
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