Irispublishers-Global Journal of Nutrition & Food Science (GJNFS)

 

Factors Associated with the time to Breast Feeding Cessation among children aged one to four Years in a Rural area in Democratic Republic of Congo

 Authored by Olivier Mukuku*

Breastfeeding provides many health benefits by protecting the mother and child. Optimal breastfeeding is one of the most effective preventive health measures against diarrheal diseases and infant mortality. Studies indicate that breast milk protects infants against infectious and chronic diseases [1,2]. Globally, 60% of infant and young child deaths occur as a result of inappropriate infant feeding practices and infectious diseases, two-thirds of which are attributable to poor breastfeeding practices [2]. Infant feeding practices may have a negative effect on children’s growth and development, particularly in developing countries where access to basic health services is not sufficient [3]. In developing countries, feeding practices are very often inadequate and inconsistent with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and are the main factors affecting the physical growth and mental development of the child [4]. Poor nutritional status in early childhood also affects health in adulthood [5]. Nutritional status is the best indicator of child well-being and, indirectly, the well-being of the community.

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Irispublishers-Global Journal of Nutrition & Food Science (GJNFS)

 

State of Food vs Income-Expenditure Gap in Developing World with a Focus on Iran

Authored by Andrew J Rosenthal*

The paper explores how insecurity in food accessibility is largely emerging especially within the younger generations who are unemployed, or underemployed. Their income shortage usually deprive them of the quantity and quality of the food that they need. Such a situation causes increasing vulnerabilities for them. Psychologically speaking, it contributes to overweight and obesity among many. Overeating often happens within the poor-leading to various issues. Because of the aforementioned situation, culture of street food supply has emerged in increasing number of developing countries to respond the demand of the increasing low-income people. Shortage of income not only creates food issues, but delays marriage and formation of family in developing countries. This situation that leads to stigmas and lots of social problems in many developing countries; eventually affect birth rates among younger generations. Jobs and earnings largely affect quality of life including access to healthy food and housing. Unfortunately, food accessibility will be more serious in the decades to come with special reference to the developing world, as among other barometers, more people will be residing in urban areas which are more consuming sectors.

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Wishing you a Magical and Blissful Holiday

 Wishing you a Magical and Blissful Holiday

May this Christmas end the present year on a cheerful note and make way for a fresh and bright New Year. Wishing you a Magical and Blissful Holiday

 

Irispublishers-Global Journal of Nutrition & Food Science (GJNFS)

Follow-Up Study of Torabi et al. A Cross-Sectional Survey on the Inclusion of Tobacco Prevention/ Cessation, Nutrition/Diet, and Exercise Physiology/ Fitness Education in Medical School Curricula

Authored by Andrew J Rosenthal*

 

Currently in the United States chronic diseases are the leading cause of death and disability. Physicians of today possess the greatest opportunity to impact the long-term health of their patients through preventative medicine. Despite the transition from infectious diseases to chronic conditions, many physicians today are inadequately prepared to practice preventative medicine. In addition, medical schools are largely failing to adjust curriculum to best address this disease transition. The purpose of this study is to provide a follow up report of an article published by Mohammad R. Torabi, PhD; Ran Tao, MPH; Stephen J. Jay, MD; and Courtney Olcott, MS, through a literature review of the inclusion of tobacco prevention/ cessation, nutrition/diet, and exercise physiology/fitness education in medical school curricula from 2011 to present day [1]. The previous article found that the areas of tobacco prevention/cessation, nutrition/diet, and exercise physiology/fitness received the least amount of attention in medical school’s curriculum despite many students feeling that these topics hold direct relevance to their learning, and offered recommendations in an attempt to address this gap in education.

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Iris Publishers_Global Journal of Nutrition & Food Science (GJNFS)

Inter and Intra Varietal Variation in Textural Characteristics of Carrots-a Standard Food in Chewing Studies

Abstract

Carrots have been widely used as a model food in chewing studies yet inter and intra varietal variation have not been considered, treating them as a standard material whose rheological and breakdown characteristics are constant. Using a texture analyzer, we determined small strain compression (Young’s) moduli of carrot cores. We also undertook high speed, high strain compression tests to mimic the type of forces involved in chewing studies. Results suggest that for fresh carrots there is no significant difference between the textural characteristics of carrot varieties studied. Moreover, no difference exists in textural characteristics of sample cores obtained from different locations within the same carrot. As carrots are stored at temperatures between 10 and 30 °C the Young’s modulus declines exponentially with time, while the breaking stress gradually increases. Our data does suggest that the many researchers who have used carrots as consistent model food is justified in doing so as long as the produce is fresh.

Keywords:Mastication; Accelerated storage; Youngs modulus; Fracture; Particle breakdown

Introduction

Studies on the chewing, size reduction and oral processing of foods have invariably focused on three solid food materials. These materials are: Optosil® a polymer based dental resin; peanuts and carrots [1-5]. Variation in the physical properties of Optosil® is carefully controlled through process control during manufacturing. The breakdown characteristics and oral processing of peanuts and the effect of roasting have been previously reviewed [6], however, natural variation in the textural characteristics of the carrots have not been reported.

Materials and Methods

Sample preparation

Two varieties of carrot (Nairobi and Chantenay) were purchased from a local supermarket. All carrots were stored at 4 °C after purchase. In the case of the Nairobi carrots, 10mm cores were cut from the top (approximately 15mm from the top), middle and bottom. These cylindrical cores were trimmed with a razor to produce parallel ends. The shorter Chantenay carrots were only sampled from the top (approximately 15mm from the top). In addition to the 4 ⁰C stored carrots, an accelerated storage trial was undertaken, in which the carrots were stored at 10, 20 and 30 ⁰C for two weeks.

Mechanical measurements

A TA.HDplus texture analyzer (Stable Micro Systems, Godalming, UK) with a 100kg load cell and 20mm diameter flat ended probe was used. A two-bite procedure was developed:
1. The first, low strain bite, intended to measure the Young’s modulus. With the carrot cylinder standing on end, the probe was brought into contact with its top, the sample height recorded. The sample was then compressed to 95% of its original height at 0.01mms-1. The strain was then relaxed and,
2. The second, high strain bite was intended to mimic mastication. The carrot core was compressed to 30% its original length, at a speed of 40mms^-1.

Experimental protocols

In addition to measurements of samples stored at 4 ⁰C, we undertook accelerated storage trials over a two-week period during which time the carrots were stored at 10, 20 and 30 ⁰C.

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Iris Publishers_Global Journal of Nutrition & Food Science (GJNFS)

Yield of Soya Paste (Okara) Influenced by Some Mechanical Parameters of an Automated Grain Drinks Production Machine

Abstract

The effect of mechanical parameters of an automated grain drinks processing machine on yield of paste (okara) was investigated in this study. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to develop polynomial regression model and investigate the effect of blending blade, basket orientation and speed of rotation on yield of paste in the process of extracting soymilk from soybean. A three factors-five levels central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used in the study. The result of the experiment revealed that blade type and speed of rotation have significant (p≤0.05) effect on yield of the paste while basket orientation has insignificant (p≤0.05) effect. It was observed that the experimental data fitted better with coefficient of determination R value of 0.9828, coefficient of correlation R-Squared value of 0.9658. The Predicted R-Squared of 0.940884 was in reasonable agreement with the Adjusted R-Squared of 0.935095. The value of adequate Precision of 19.38 also showed that the model equation can be used to navigate within the experimental range. Numerical optimization carried out with the goal of maximizing the yield of paste revealed optimum values of 5-blade assembly, basket orientation of 30° and speed of 1000rpm for consistency of 7.88 with a desirability of 0.928. The blade type and the speed of rotation were the most influential variables affecting the yield of paste. The result of this study provided standard input machine variables capable of yielding paste (okara) at various operating condition to meet the consumer’s desire.
Keywords:Blade type; Basket orientation; Mechanical; Speed; Optimization; Paste

Introduction

Soya bean paste (okara) is the by-product obtained after extraction of aqueous milk from soya bean. Large quantities of the paste are generated as by-product obtain the process of extracting the aqueous liquid from soya beans and in the production process of tofu. Several research works have reported on quantity of okara to be generated from soya beans. According to Liu [1], 1.1 pounds of okara can be generated from 1 pound of soya beans, while Riaz [2], stated that 1 kilogram of soybeans used for soymilk processing can generates between 1.4-1.8kg of okara. According to Africa Do Business Limited (2012), 1.2kg of fresh okara is produced from 1 kg of soya beans processed for manufacturing of tofu [3].
Okara was reported to have wide range of benefits, which includes excellent and abundant nutrient for livestock production, pet food and food product. Its high level of extenders and abundant nutrient makes it useful in variety of food products. It is used as food ingredient more especially in soup, salad and vegetables dishes and it has almost the same form and texture as coconut. The major constituents of okara are carbohydrate, protein, lipid and fiber. The nutrient content of okara depends mainly on soymilk processing procedure and the efficiency with which soymilk is extracted from the wet pulp. Also, the quantity of okara produced depends on the efficiency of the milling and extraction method Aguado [4]. This paper is a presentation of investigation of the interrelationship of the functional parameters of an automated grains drink production machine with yield of paste(okara). The machine was developed in the Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering department of the Federal Univesity of Technology, Minna.

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Iris Publishers_Global Journal of Nutrition & Food Science (GJNFS)

Effect of Vitamin D and Milk Protein on Child Growth and Health

Opinion

Milk protein has a lot of nutritional merits. First, it is reich in amino acids essential for growing children and maintenance of a health life. Second, it is important for enhancing immune system development that is used for strong protection of harmful organisms. Milk protein can be classified into casein protein, whey protein and their derivative polypeptides on the basis of their functionality and properties. Casein proteins are acting as antiviral and immunoregulatory factors which help the human body by regulating the innate immune response both through up-regulating to increase the killing of virus and down regulating to reduce determinatal conditions such as sepsis. Like casine proteins, why proteins and peptides have been studied extensively for antiviral property.
It is believed that milk protein determines the growth and health of children. Keletzko et al. stated that CMP (cow’s milk protein) is the leading cause of food allergens infants and children younger than 3 years. This condition prevents children from taking of many essential amino acids that are for body development. Vitamin D, on the other hand has a big health problem if is not adequate in the diets. Bueno AL and Czepielewski MA, noted that results in short stature and is characterized by deficiency of a micronutrient is rickets caused by Vitamin D deficiency. However, if children access a variety of diet rich in Vitamin D, they will have better body growth (development). In line to this, Gordan CM et al, revealed that Vitamin D is essential during childhood and adolescence.

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